Instructional Design Theory
According to Reigeluth (1999), instructional design theory is a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop. The kinds of learning and development may include cognitive, emotional, social, physical, and spiritual. Instructional design theories are design oriented, they describe methods of instruction and situations in which those methods should be used, the methods can be broken into simpler component methods, and methods are probabilistic.
Instructional design theory, or instructional strategies and criteria for their application, must play a large role in the application of learning objects if they are to succeed in facilitating learning(Wiley,2000). Design Theory is goal oriented and emphasize prescriptions for accomplishing a given end (Snyder, 2009).
What are Theories and Models?
What is a theory?
- A theory provides a general explanation for observations made over time.
- A theory explains and predicts behavior.
- A theory may be modified.
- Theories seldom have to be thrown out completely if thoroughly tested but sometimes a theory may be widely accepted for a long time and later disproved.
What is a model?
- A model is mental picture that helps us understand something we cannot see or experience directly (Dorin, Demmin & Gabel, 1990).
Some of the Instructional Design Theories and Learning Theories overlapped in procedure. Some of the Design Theories derived from the basis of learning theories.
Learning Theories
|
Behaviorism
|
Cognitivism
|
Constructivism
|
proponents |
B.F. Skinner |
Jerome Bruner |
Lev Vygotsky |
John Dewey |
Knowles |
applications |
training, e.g. flight simulators |
any deep processing: exploring, organizing, synthesizing content |
Collaborative learning |
instructional design focus |
Instructor designs the learning environmment. |
Instructor manages problem solving and structured search activities, especially with group learning strategies. |
Instructor mentors peer interaction and continuity of building on known concepts. |
view of learner |
basically passive, just responding to stimuli |
Learners process, store, and retrieve information for use. (Bruner's Discovery Learning) |
Learners create their own unique education because learning is based on prior knowledge. |
assets |
integrating complex muscular and cognitive activities |
Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development focuses on interactive problem solving. |
Learning is interactive, dialogic. |
implications |
Climate for Learning: Does the environment have the right stimuli to promote learning? |
Readiness: Students will learn concepts that are maturing.
Opportunity: ZPD = area between what a learner can do individually vs. assist by peer interaction, research and teaching.
Learners Customize Their Learning: Provide a range of learning activities and concepts for core course objectives.
|
Prior Knowledge: Design learning to assist students to build on what they know.
Inquirey Learning: Adult learners have a mutual vested interest in their learning and want to involve real experience; teachers are not the sole possessors of knowledge and perspective but co-learners and guides. (Knowles' andragogy)
|
Instructional design models allow users to better understand or target a problem with a mental plan. The instructional design models break down the tasks into sub-tasks that are more manageable for users in order to accomplish a goal.
Reference
Actingmerihawaii (2009, Oct 6) YouTube - ADDIE. Retrieved
from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiLLz1SaxGc
Atherton J S (2011) Learning and Teaching; Constructivism in learning [On-line: UK] retrieved 27 April 2011
from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/constructivism.htm
Behaviorism. (2000). Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
Background. (2005).Virginia Community College System. Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://vccslitonline.cc.va.us/usingweb/bckgrnd.htm
Learning Theories Knowledgebase. (2008). Cognitivism at Learning-Theories.com. Retrieved April 27th, 2011
from http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitivism.html
Constructivism as a Paradigm for Teaching and Learning. (2004). Concept to Classroom. Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/concept2class/constructivism/index.html
Dorin, H., Demmin, P. E., Gabel, D. (1990). Chemistry: The study of matter.
(3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Instructional Design Models. (n.d.). Instructional Technology Connections.Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc/idmodels.html
Instructional design models. (n.d.).A comprehensivi up-to-date Guide for e-Learning and Accredited Online Distance Education.
Retrieved April 25, 2011, from http://www.about-elearning.com/instructional-design-models.html
n m c : projects : Learning Object Initiative. (n.d.).Learning Object Initiative. Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://archive.nmc.org/projects/lo/sap_pa_wiley.shtml
Reigeluth, C. M. (1999). Instructional design theories and models: A new paradigm of instructional theory.
Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Snyder, M. M.(2009). Instructional-Design Theory to Guide the Creation of Online Learning Communities for Adults.
Tech Trends:Linking Research to Improve Learning, 53(1). 48-56
TIME Magazine Cover: B. F. Skinner - Sep. 20, 1971 - Health & Medicine. (n.d.). TIME Magazine. Retrieved April 25, 2011,
from http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19710920,00.html
Comments (5)
aghaffari@csupomona.edu said
at 9:18 pm on Apr 26, 2011
Hello Israel
Thanks for your wiki. It is really informative, and all links work perfectly. In the first paragraph you didn't mention the name of your reference and you just entered the year. Your reference format is not in APA format. I had this problem too and I fixed it manually. Thanks.
Ardeshir Ghaffari
aghaffari@csupomona.edu said
at 9:02 pm on Apr 27, 2011
Hello Israel
Everything looks perfect. I change a little bit. This is the final version. I hope you like it.
Ardeshir
lshubin@csupomona.edu said
at 6:05 pm on Apr 28, 2011
Hello guys, I added the picture in the middle to break up the text and add dimension. Thanks!
aghaffari@csupomona.edu said
at 6:06 pm on Apr 28, 2011
Thank you shubin.
aghaffari@csupomona.edu said
at 6:09 pm on Apr 28, 2011
I just fix the format a little bit. It looks great. Thanks.
Ardeshir
You don't have permission to comment on this page.